Urine analysis provides valuable information about renal function, hydration status, and systemic health.

The test is divided into three main components:

Physical Examination – color, clarity, odor, volume, specific gravity.

Chemical Examination – pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrites, blood.

Microscopic Examination – red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, casts, crystals, bacteria, parasites.

Clinical uses include:

Detecting urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Diagnosing renal disease (glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome).

Monitoring diabetes mellitus (glucose, ketones).

Identifying liver disease (bilirubin, urobilinogen).

Evaluating metabolic disorders (crystals, abnormal metabolites).

Analyte: Urine sample (physical, chemical, microscopic properties).

Normal Findings:

Clear, pale yellow urine with normal pH (4.5–8), specific gravity (1.005–1.030), and absence of protein, glucose, ketones, or blood.

Abnormal Findings:

Proteinuria: Suggests kidney disease.

Glucosuria/Ketonuria: Indicates diabetes mellitus or metabolic imbalance.

Hematuria: May suggest infection, stones, or malignancy.

Pyuria (WBCs): Indicates urinary tract infection.

Casts/Crystals: Suggest renal pathology or metabolic disorder.

Clinical Use:

Provides a comprehensive assessment of urinary health.

Helps in early detection of systemic and renal diseases.

Guides further diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.