Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electric charge and are essential for normal body functions.

They regulate nerve and muscle activity, hydration, blood pH, and cellular function.

Clinical uses include:

Diagnosing electrolyte imbalances (dehydration, overhydration, acidosis, alkalosis).

Monitoring patients with kidney disease, heart disease, or metabolic disorders.

Evaluating causes of weakness, confusion, arrhythmias, or seizures.

Assessing patients on diuretics or IV fluids.

The test is performed using a blood sample, often as part of a basic metabolic panel (BMP).

Analytes in Serum Electrolytes Panel:

Sodium (Na⁺): Normal ~135 – 145 mmol/L.

Potassium (K⁺): Normal ~3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L.

Chloride (Cl⁻): Normal ~98 – 106 mmol/L.

Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻ / CO₂): Normal ~22 – 29 mmol/L.

Abnormal Findings:

High sodium (hypernatremia): Dehydration, kidney disease, endocrine disorders.

Low sodium (hyponatremia): Overhydration, SIADH, heart failure, cirrhosis.

High potassium (hyperkalemia): Kidney failure, acidosis, certain medications.

Low potassium (hypokalemia): Diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, malnutrition.

High chloride: Dehydration, metabolic acidosis.

Low chloride: Vomiting, metabolic alkalosis, Addison’s disease.

Abnormal bicarbonate: Indicates acid–base imbalance (respiratory or metabolic).

Clinical Use:

Provides a quick snapshot of hydration and metabolic status.

Helps guide treatment in renal, cardiac, and critical care settings.

Supports monitoring of patients on medications affecting fluid/electrolyte balance.