The major protein fractions identified are:

Albumin

Alpha‑1 globulin

Alpha‑2 globulin

Beta globulin

Gamma globulin

Clinical uses include:

Detecting monoclonal protein (M‑protein or paraprotein) in plasma cell disorders (e.g., multiple myeloma, Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia).

Differentiating polyclonal vs. monoclonal gammopathy.

Evaluating liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic infections, and autoimmune conditions.

Monitoring treatment response in plasma cell dyscrasias.

Often performed alongside immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) for confirmation.

Analyte: Serum protein fractions.

Normal Pattern:

Albumin: Largest peak

Globulins: Balanced distribution across alpha, beta, and gamma regions

Abnormal Findings:

Monoclonal spike (M‑spike): Suggests multiple myeloma or related disorder.

Polyclonal increase in gamma globulin: Seen in chronic infection, autoimmune disease, liver disease.

Low albumin: Seen in liver disease, malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome.

Clinical Use:

Provides a comprehensive evaluation of serum protein distribution.

Helps guide diagnosis and monitoring of hematologic, hepatic, renal, and immune disorders.